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Point of Care Testing. What about laboratory instruments used at the point of care, e.g. Benchtop blood gas analyzer in the respiratory intensive care unit?. What about point of care devices used in the laboratory, e.g. B-type naturietic peptide device in the core lab?. Testing distinctions and boundaries are becoming more and more blurred.

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Fleets are on the front lines dealing with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a new respiratory disease that is now a global pandemic. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration's (OSHA) General Duty Clause requires employers to provide a workplace free from recognized hazards likely to cause death or serious physical harm, under which COVID-19 would fall. For many employees, the company vehicle is their workplace.

As fleet manager, your mission is to lower potential infections among those using fleet assets and to minimize the risk of spreading the virus to others with whom drivers interact. The virus is primarily spread via person-to-person contact; however, it is also possible to be infected by touching a surface, such as a company vehicle, that has living COVID-19 virus on it and then touching your mouth, nose, or eyes.

It is important to wipe down with a sanitizer and/or disinfectant frequently touched vehicle surfaces, such as the steering wheel, gear shifter, radio, armrest, power window buttons, and door handles.

In addition, drivers should sanitize equipment, such as handheld computers, scanners, toolboxes, and cart handles used to haul equipment. However, beware that alcohol- or ammonia-based cleaners may damage the interior dashboard and seats. Ammonia-based cleaners may damage in-cab touch screen terminal displays. On the website for the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) is a link with a list of approved cleaners and disinfectants.

To encourage safe driving habits, Texas uses a point system to track driver behavior. Points are assessed according to each traffic violation. To learn more about the point system in Texas, common point violations, and how to remove points from your license, continue reading below. NOTICE: Driver Responsibility Program Repealed. Write a function controller driver for a USB device You can develop a controller driver that handles all USB data transfers and commands sent by the host to the device. This driver communicates with the Microsoft-provided USB function controller extension (UFX). Developing Windows drivers for USB function controllers.

  • Cleaners are used to remove germs, dirt, and impurities from surfaces. Cleaning does not kill germs, but by removing them, it lowers the risk of infection.
  • Disinfectants are used to kill germs on surfaces. It does not necessarily clean dirty surfaces, but if used after cleaning, it further lowers the risk of infection.

Personal Hygiene: Drivers should sanitize their hands after the completion of each delivery or service call. Encourage respiratory etiquette by covering a cough or sneeze with a tissue or sleeve to avoid expelling viral secretions on vehicle surfaces. Encourage drivers to sanitize all commonly used surfaces multiple times a day. In a shop setting, some companies timestamp when cleanings occur to reassure that there is a proactive effort to keep things clean.

Transporting Crews: “Social distancing” is the key to slowing the spread of the virus by breaking the chain of transmission. If there are two passengers in a vehicle, some companies ask the passenger to sit in the back seat to practice a degree of social distancing. Fleet policy guidance is recommended when multiple people or work crews drive together to a job site. Some companies are temporarily limiting the number passengers in single vehicle

Sanitizing Pool Vehicles: Instruct drivers to wipe down every touched surface in a vehicles – first when entering the vehicle and second, when they return it. The coronavirus can survive for 72 hours on a surface before dying if the surface is not cleaned.

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Tools and Equipment: Discourage workers from using other workers’ phones, desk, office, or other work tools and equipment when possible. If the driver is using a cart or dolly on their route, they should clean and sanitize it. The same is true for tools used by service techs. Mandate cleaning tools if different techs are using the same tools within a 72-hour period. Also, clean and disinfect tool belts and other gear prior to reuse using a cleaner or disinfectant following application instructions on the product label.

Disposable Gloves: If offered, be sure to make latex and non-latex gloves available because some drivers may be allergic to latex.

Refueling: Instruct drivers to wipe down the fuel pump handle and keypad prior to inputting their odometer and driver ID. If you don’t have wipes, then consider using a paper towel to grab the fuel dispenser handle. Ask drivers to wipe down fuel cards, especially if it is a shared card. Consider assigning a fuel card to each driver to avoid sharing. If drivers wear gloves when refueling, be sure to instruct them to dispose of them before re-entering the cab.

Cabin Filters: Consider accelerating the frequency of replacing cabin filters beyond OEM schedules and recommendations.

HIPAA Restrictions: The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (known as HIPAA) makes it a criminal act to divulge medical information without the employee’s permission. If you are informed that an employee has tested positive, inform HR and clean the vehicle. Violating HIPAA regulations could legally comprise yourself and your company.

Customer Interaction Guidelines: Some companies do not require a customer to sign for services or invoices. Instead the driver signs on their behalf to avoid the sharing of pens and devices. It is recommended to avoid letting customers use a company phone and to discourage handshaking. Also, establish procedures on how a driver interacts with another party if involved in a street accident.

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Personal Use: Consider whether to modify personal use policies to gain tighter control as who is riding in the vehicle. When companies allow spouses and children to use company vehicles, it loses control over who is a passenger in a corporate vehicle.

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Mobile Fleet Service Providers: Some fleets are minimizing driver interaction at service centers by transitioning to mobile fleet service providers to minimize the need to take a vehicle to a shop.

Resources: As fleet manager, you need to stay abreast of guidance from governmental health agencies and consider how to incorporate these recommendations into your fleet.

  • The CDC provides the latest information about COVID-19 at www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov
  • OSHA offers information specific to workers and employees – www.osha.gov/covid-19

Commit to doing everything possible to protect drivers and the customers with whom they come in contact and their loved ones. Be positive, empathetic, and solutions driven to help fleet users during this uncertain time. Let me know what you think.

Related: Automotive Fleet's COVID-19 Resource Center

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Universal Serial Bus (USB) provides an expandable, hot-pluggable Plug and Play serial interface that ensures a standard, low-cost connection for peripheral devices such as keyboards, mice, joysticks, printers, scanners, storage devices, modems, and video conferencing cameras. Migration to USB is recommended for all peripheral devices that use legacy ports such as PS/2, serial, and parallel ports.

The USB-IF is a Special Interest Groups (SIGs) that maintains the Official USB Specification, test specifications and tools.

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Windows operating systems include native support for USB host controllers, hubs, and devices and systems that comply with the official USB specification. Windows also provides programming interfaces that you can use to develop device drivers and applications that communicate with a USB device.

USB in WindowsWindows 10: What's new for USB

Overview of new features and improvements in USB in Windows 10.

USB FAQ

Frequently asked questions from driver developers about the USB stack and features that are supported in USB.

Microsoft OS Descriptors for USB Devices

Windows defines MS OS descriptors that allows better enumeration when connected to system running Windows operating system

Microsoft-provided USB driversUSB device-side drivers in Windows

A set of drivers for handling common function logic for USB devices.

USB host-side drivers in Windows

Microsoft provides a core stack of drivers that interoperate with devices that are connected to EHCI and xHCI controllers.

USB-IF device class drivers

Windows provides in-box device class drivers for many USB-IF approved device classes, audio, mass storage, and so on.

USB generic function driver–WinUSB

Windows provides Winusb.sys that can be loaded as a function driver for a custom device and a function of a composite device.

USB generic parent driver for composite devices–Usbccgp

Parent driver for USB devices with multiple functions. Usbccgp creates physical device objects (PDOs) for each of those functions. Those individual PDOs are managed by their respective USB function drivers, which could be the Winusb.sys driver or a USB device class driver.

WDF extension for developing USB drivers
  • USB connector manager class extension (UcmCx) reference
  • USB host controller (UCX) reference
  • USB function class extension (UFX) reference
Testing USB devices with Windows

Get information about the tools that you can use to test your USB hardware or software, capture traces of operations and other system events, and observe how the USB driver stack responds to a request sent by a client driver or an application.

Read an overview of tests in the Hardware Certification Kit that enable hardware vendors and device manufacturers to prepare their USB devices and host controllers for Windows Hardware Certification submission.

Other Resources for USB

Official USB Specification

Provides complete technical details for the USB protocol.

Microsoft Windows USB Core Team Blog

Check out posts written by the Microsoft USB Team. The blog focuses on the Windows USB driver stack that works with various USB Host controllers and USB hubs found in Windows PC. A useful resource for USB client driver developers and USB hardware designers understand the driver stack implementation, resolve common issues, and explain how to use tools for gathering traces and log files.

OSR Online Lists - ntdev

Discussion list managed by OSR Online for kernel-mode driver developers.

Windows Dev-Center for Hardware Development

Miscellaneous resources based on frequently asked questions from developers who are new to developing USB devices and drivers that work with Windows operating systems.

USB-related videos

UWP apps for USB devicesUnderstanding USB 3.0 in Windows 8Building great USB 3.0 devicesUSB Debugging Innovations in Windows 8 (Part I, II, & III)

USB hardware for learning

MUTT devices

MUTT and SuperMUTT devices and the accompanying software package are integrated into the HCK suite of USB tests. They provide automated testing that can be used during the development cycle of USB controllers, devices and systems, especially stress testing.

OSR USB FX2 Learning Kit

If you are new to USB driver development. The kit is the most suitable to study USB samples included in this documentation set. You can get the learning kit from OSR Online Store.

Write a USB client driver (KMDF, UMDF)

Introduces you to USB driver development. Provides information about choosing the most appropriate model for providing a USB driver for your device. This section also includes tutorials about writing your first user-mode and kernel-mode USB drivers by using the USB templates included with Microsoft Visual Studio.

Write a USB host controller driver

If you are developing an xHCI host controller that is not compliant with the specification or developing a custom non-xHCI hardware (such as a virtual host controller), you can write a host controller driver that communicates with UCX. For example, consider a wireless dock that supports USB devices. The PC communicates with USB devices through the wireless dock by using USB over TCP as a transport.

  • USB host controller (UCX) reference
Write a function controller driver for a USB device

You can develop a controller driver that handles all USB data transfers and commands sent by the host to the device. This driver communicates with the Microsoft-provided USB function controller extension (UFX).

USB function class extension (UFX) reference

Write a USB Type-C connector driver

Windows 10 introduces support for the new USB connector: USB Type-C. You can write a driver for the connector that communicates with the Microsoft-provided class extension module: UcmCx to handle scenarios related to Type-C connectors such as, which ports support Type-C, which ports support power delivery.

USB connector manager class extension (UcmCx) reference

Write a USB dual-role controller driver

USB Dual Role controllers are now supported in Windows 10. Windows includes in-box client drivers for ChipIdea and Synopsys controllers. For other controllers, Microsoft provides a set of programming interfaces that allow the dual-role class extension (UrsCx) and its client driver to communicate with each other to handle the role-switching capability of a dual-role controller.

For more information about this feature, see:

USB dual-role controller driver programming reference

Write a USB driver for emulated devices

Windows 10 introduces support for emulated devices. Now you can develop an emulated Universal Serial Bus (USB) host controller driver and a connected virtual USB device. Both components are combined into a single KMDF driver that communicates with the Microsoft-provided USB device emulation class extension (UdeCx).

Emulated USB host controller driver programming reference

Write a UWP app

Provides step-by-step instructions about implementing USB features in a UWP app. To write such an app for a USB device you need Visual Studio and Microsoft Windows Software Development Kit (SDK) .

Write a Windows desktop app

Describes how an application can call WinUSB Functions to communicate with a USB device.

WinUSB functions

Common programming scenarios

List of common tasks that a driver or an app performs in order to communicate with a USB device. Get quick info about the programming interfaces you need for each task.

USB samples

Development tools

Download kits and tools for Windows